Oak (Quercus robur L.) regeneration in early successional woodlands grazed by wild ungulates in the absence of livestock

Wooded pastures grazed by livestock are believed to be landscapes that provide favourable conditions for spontaneous regeneration of oaks, including Quercus robur. A key mechanism for oak regeneration in these systems is ‘associational resistance’, spatial association with unpalatable plants which offer protection against herbivory. There is little knowledge on how oak regenerates without livestock grazing and in the presence of only wild large herbivores. We studied this in an area (114 ha) abandoned from agricultural use and in the early 1980s incorporated into the Bia?owie?a National Park, Poland. Its ungulate community consists of native red deer, European bison, roe deer, moose and wild boar. Secondary succession has led to the development of a mosaic habitat including tree and tall shrub groves (29% of the area), open meadow communities (60%), and edge, transitory zone between groves and meadows (11%). Our systematic inventory assigned oaks to height classes (0-0.2, 0.2-0.5, 0.5-1.3, 1.3-2.5, 2.5-5.0, >5.0 m), dichotomous shape characteristic (regular vs. “bonsai” sapling), as well as a habitat definition, in particular the characteristics of woody vegetation in the immediate surroundings of oaks. A selection of 17 oaks was subject to coring for the comparison of growth dynamics. Oak density was highest inside groves, with 504 oaks ha⁻¹, and in the edge zone (493 oaks ha⁻¹) and lowest in meadows (47 oaks ha⁻¹). Most of the 0-5-m oaks (62%) grew without another woody plant species within 1 m radius. The remaining oaks (38%) were associated mainly with Rubus idaeus and saplings of Carpinus betulus and Populus tremula - all highly ungulate-preferred species. The age (0.5 m above ground) of cored oaks in grove and edge habitats varied from 11 to 37 years, indicating continuous recruitment since agricultural abandonment. The initial growth dynamics of the more mature oaks did not differ from that of present “bonsais,” supporting the idea that browsing is not an unconditional impediment and that “bonsai” can be a temporary stage of successful oak development. In contrast to other studies, we found that associational resistance from unpalatable plants is not necessary to secure successful oak regeneration in woodlands subject to browsing by wild ungulates. This might have been possible because of the abundance of highly attractive vegetation making oak relatively unpreferred by ungulates. We suggest that the observed secondary succession provides a contemporary analogy of historic processes that resulted in the establishment of broadleaf forests with a substantial proportion of oak.     

种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同种植密度对两种穗型冬小麦品种干物质和氮素积累、运转及其籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,两种穗型冬小麦品种花前植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量均以适宜的低密度处理表现较高,其中干物质运转量以茎鞘最高,氮素运转量以叶片最高;花后植株干物质及贮藏氮素运转量两品种间表现不一致,大穗型品种兰考矮早八花后干物质及贮藏氮素运转量以最低密度的C1(300万株/hm2)处理最高,多穗型品种豫麦49-198则以较高密度的B3(225万株/hm2)处理最高;干物质对籽粒贡献率花前两品种均以较低密度处理表现较高,花后则以较高密度处理表现较高;贮藏氮素对籽粒氮素贡献率兰考矮早八花前以中间密度处理表现较高,豫麦49-198则仍以较低密度处理较高.成熟期兰考矮早八籽粒产量、淀粉产量及蛋白质产量均以C2(375万株/hm2)密度处理最高,豫麦49-198则以B2(150万株/hm2)处理最高.     

氮肥形态及氮钾施用措施对水稻生长 和养分吸收的影响

为探明不同氮（NH4-N和NO3-N）源下，不同施钾水平及氮钾施用次序对水稻生长和养分吸收的影响，进行了温室盆栽试验。结果表明：在水稻生长早期（20d左右时），以NO3-N作为N源时水稻的生物产量和氮钾养分吸收量均显著高于NH4-N作N源的处理，但随着生长时期的延长，NH4-N源更能促进水稻的生长和养分吸收，因此，从整个营养生长时期来讲，铵态氮肥作为水稻N源更具有优越性。结果同时表明，氮肥施用效果与钾肥的施用水平有很大关系，在一般盆栽试验氮肥用量（纯N用量0.15 g/kg）水平下，施钾（K2O）量达到0.51g/kg时会导致水稻的生长及养分吸收量显著下降。铵钾施用次序对水稻的营养生长及养分吸收均有一定的影响，特别是施钾量较高时，铵钾在土壤中的交互作用会导致水稻因氮素供应不足而影响生长和养分吸收。     

药用红花生长发育规律的研究

根据药用红花根、叶、茎、分枝、花及生长中心的变化特点，将药用红花个体发育过程划分为莲座期、伸长期、分枝期、开花期及种子成熟期５个生育时期，红花一生有５２叶左右，以伸长期出叶速度最快，平均每２．０天出一叶，这一时期形成１７叶左右。叶面积在生育前期较小，至分枝期达最高值（４月中旬，３０７４．５ｃｍ＾２／ｐｉａｎｔ，叶面积指数５．５），且保持较高叶面积一定时间，以利于分枝和花的发育。红花在分枝期净同化率     

农田信息管理决策支持系统的设计与实现——基于Silverlight

随着我国农业的发展,农田分布范围不断扩大,产生的农田信息繁多而复杂。基于WebGIS的农业决策支持系统已在一些地区的现代化农业生产中得到了示范应用,但由于其客户端采用Ajax或Flex技术实现,存在多媒体功能不足及平台可移植性较差等问题。为此,借助WebGIS开放性平台,采用微软Silverlight技术,设计开发了基于Silverlight的农田信息管理决策支持系统,实现了地图基本操作、地块信息管理决策及环境信息管理决策等功能。该系统可以辅助用户管理农田信息,并为施肥及生产计划提供决策支持。在黑龙江红星农场的试用结果表明:系统自投入使用后运行正常,并能提供信息管理及适宜辅助决策支持。     

丘陵山区农田信息采集车底盘爬坡性能仿真

针对丘陵山区精细农作时农田信息数据采集困难的现状,设计了一种新型的丘陵山区农田信息采集车底盘。为了提高该底盘的爬坡性能,运用多体动力学仿真软件RecurDyn中的低速履带模块(Track-LM),建立了该底盘的虚拟样机模型,并对其纵向和横向爬坡性能进行仿真研究,分析了不同坡角和路面对该底盘行驶速度、俯仰角、侧倾角及侧履带压力的影响。此研究可为改善该底盘爬坡性能提供理论依据。     

新疆节水灌区农田排水措施分析

随着膜下滴灌技术在新疆的大力推广应用,灌排模式发生了改变,从而导致了新的土壤次生盐渍化问题。在阐述新疆3种排水措施——明沟排水、暗管排水和竖井排灌发展的基础上,分析了目前新疆节水灌区农田排水措施存在的问题,结合南疆某一节水灌区灌排试验,分析了排水措施对土壤盐分及地下水位、矿化度的影响,为当地灌排模式提出合理化建议,且为减轻节水灌区的土壤盐渍化提供参考借鉴。     

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley: I. Dry matter translocation

A 4-year field study was carried out to determine dry matter and nitrogen accumulation until anthesis and at grain filling period and dry matter translocation and utilization in grain filling of barley. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichum L.) cultivars originated from different countries (Yugoslavia, Germany, Australia, the Czeck Republic, Netherlands, France and USA) were grown during 1995–1998 on a non-calcareous chernozem soil near Novi Sad (45° 20′N, 15° 51′E, 86 m asl). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation depended on the cultivar and year. In a year with favorable weather conditions, 58% of dry matter was accumulated during pre-anthesis, while in a year with less favorable weather the amount was 48%. In the favorable year 91% and in unfavorable year 65% of nitrogen was accumulated until anthesis. The results indicated that the greater amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated before anthesis. Dry matter translocation efficiency depended on the cultivar and ranged from 3 to 16.4%, while the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to kernel varied from 4 to 24.2%. Cultivars that have been developed for the growing conditions of the area where the experimental site was located, i.e. adapted ones, did not use pre-anthesis dry matter for grain filling. High positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between biomass at anthesis and biological yield, dry matter translocation efficiency, contribution of translocated dry matter to grain yield, and total plant nitrogen at maturity. Accumulated nitrogen at anthesis was positively correlated (P<0.01) with growing degree–days until anthesis, dry matter at anthesis and dry matter translocation parameters. Heritability for the investigated characters was rather high, over 0.60.     

亚种间杂交稻穗颈节间组织与物质运转关系的研究

以品种间杂交稻为对照，对亚种间杂交稻干物质运转与穗颈节间某些性状的关系进行了研究。结果表明：杂交水稻结实期间茎鞘干物质输出率与穗净增重、最终穗重及灌浆速率呈负相关；穗颈节间单位维管或单位韧皮面积上通过的干物质量与灌浆速率显著正相关；齐穗后10d灌浆速率与穗颈节间过氧化氢酶活性显著正相关。     

污染农田土壤的治理技术研究概述

概述了由于农时操作过程中用污水灌溉、不合理施用化学肥料、化学农药，以及矿区排污等途径造成农田土壤遭受重金属、放射性物质、硝酸盐以及有机氯残留等污染。通过种植超积累植物（包括农作物的某些品种及某些野生植物）或者通过有益微生物处理土壤、拌种等、采用有机酸、石灰等化学物质和多种有机物质等不同途径，对污染的土壤进行治理，均可收到良好的净化改良效果。同时分析了植物修复的应用前景以及保证效果的调控原则，并强调综合技术合理搭配应用收效会更好。